Harappan civilization

1- Harappan civilization

Harappan ruins 35 km west of Sahiwal. Chicha is at a distance of 15 km from Watani. It is said that it is mentioned in the Hindu book Rigveda written about 1200 years before the birth of Jesus. In which the name of that city is Hari Uppah. In Sanskrit, Hari Upia means the city of golden pillars of sacrifice. According to the Rigveda, Hari fought a war with the Aryans, the local inhabitants of Uppah. According to the Rigveda, Indra Varshku (or Varchku) crushed the first line of 130 armed warriors of the people of Varchivat (or Varshivant or Varkivat) and the rest fled.

• Discovery:- In 1921, Rai Bahadur Diya Ram Sahni found some traces of ancient civilization at Harpa. He gave such information to the Indian Department of Archeology. The director general of the department, Sir John Marshall, paid attention to its excavation. Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni. Director Ernest McKay and others began excavation work. But in 1931, the work was stopped due to lack of funds. Ancient Harappa is about 6 miles away from the present Darya Ravi. But when the city was inhabited, the river Ravi used to flow near it. Therefore, in the ancient period of the Harappan fort, a large protective dam of mud bricks and clay is heard along with it. The map and layout of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro are similar to each other.

• Fort:- The fort is in the south-west. Below it to the east and southeast are the remains of an organized city. There is a hill and a graveyard to the south of the fort. The buildings inside the fort were built on stilts 20/25 feet above the ground at that time. The ramparts were made of mud and mud bricks and thick protective ramparts were placed around them. A short space was excavated from that back. Pieces of pottery were found under it. They were painted in black and painted in black. After that, in the second period, a great wall of the fort was built and a protective wall was given along with it. Which was filled with bricks and mud. It is 35 feet wide near the base. The total thickness of this wall is 40 feet and the height is 35 feet. Outside the fort, there are guard towers built at a short distance in the wall. Those who rise from the height of the wall. The main gate of the fort was from the north side and a secret gate was from the west side. Beyond that was a guard tower. As soon as the thief enters through the door, there are many other doors and next to it there are guard rooms. There are three periods of construction of the fort. In the first period, the fort was built with blocks of bricks. In the second period, Salem was built with solid bricks. In the third period, a great support was given around the faction.

• Ghulam Ghar:- A 20 feet high and 300 yards square mound was excavated on the north side of the fort. Under which an important building was found. Near the fort are two rows of military barrack style buildings. There are 7 houses in one row and 8 houses in the other row. There are 4 feet wide streets in front of each house. The size of each house is 52/24 feet. Each house consists of one room. And the entrance to the house is oblique and secret. These barrack-like houses are considered to be slave houses. When they were buried in the ground, 16 beds were made over them. They are pear-shaped and 3 feet 4 inches to 6 feet 2 inches in length. Whose fuel was wood and coal. Near it are traces of molten bronze.

• Checks:- There are 5 rows of circular checkers on the north side of Ghulam houses. Those made of concrete blocks are 11 feet. The empty space between them is filled with large wooden beams. In them, grain was cut into flour with large fines. Actually they were. Initially, these 17 were discovered. In 1946, more were found in the excavation. These mills are known. The heads of some of the mills are visible.

• Granary:- Beyond these mills there is a big granary. Which has two rows of buildings. This Harappan building is built on an earthen platform 4 feet above the ground. Above which there are warehouses. The size of each warehouse is 50/20 feet. And there are two rows containing 6 warehouses. The distance between these lines is 23 feet. This granary was located on the bank of the river and the entrance was towards the river. Which meant that the grain was collected from different villages in Gwadam by way of the river. And from there it was taken to other areas by the river. The floor of each warehouse was built on two sleepers. Under which the air passed and the grain was protected from moisture. The entrance to these warehouses was through an internal corridor. There was a similar granary in Mohan Jo Daro. It shows that the greatest wealth of that empire was grain. Such a granary was located inside the fort in Mohenjo Dardagh. Coins were not invented at that time and government employees were given grain even in sweats. Such a practice was also in Mesopotamia.

• Seals:- Small seals of ancient times have been found in Harappa. Whose height is 1.07 to 1.36 inches. The width is 1.02 to 1.06 inches and the thickness is 1.05 to 1.13 inches. There are no pictures of animals on them. There are marks on them.

2- Susa

Susa is an ancient biblical city of Elamite. Which is located in the southwestern region of Khuzestan between Mesopotamia and the plateau of Iran, which was inhabited by the rivers flowing from Iran. But the existence of this vast area was due to the fertile soil flowing from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Which is also called cradle civilization. This city is a crossroads of great civilization and culture. According to the ancient Greeks, this kingdom is the royal city of Persia. According to the Old Testament, this is the kingdom of Elam. But the history of Suza is even older than that, that is, it is even before the foundation of history. When the civilization of Tahrir had not yet come into being. This is the place where writing was invented more than 5000 years ago. This was the first time that empires and kingdoms came on record.

The great revolution in the history of Suza came in 4000 BC due to the influence of Sumerian civilization. Along with the agricultural development, the walls of the houses. Flowering started on the pots and graves. The time of the development of Sumerian city of Uruk was after 3400 BC. In which the local people made an idol of Pastor Bashah. The industrious people of Mesopotamia and prosperous Iran gave birth to such a civilization. To which the ancient authors have given the name of Elam. Changed the government structure in 1950 BC. The king's old title of Shah Suza and Anshan was abolished and he was given the title of Great Viceroy. The greatest king, Intash Napier Shah, combined the centuries-old Semitic Akkadian script and scale to create a unique style of writing. Whose rule lasted from 1275 to 1240.

As a result of the invasion of the Aryans, the ritual of burning the dead occurred in about 1000 years BC. The place where the dead of the royal family was cremated. They used to call it Maam. The three wise kings of Elam, Shatrik Nahunt and his sons, restored the prestige of the kingdom in the 12th century BC. After the construction of Durantashi, the Elamite kings fell into crisis. Nine Elamite kings raided neighboring states and brought captured statues and other monuments back to Suza, and Baghdad brought back the black stone Temple of Shamsha or Temple of Suralzah from Sippar in southwestern Iraq. Who was politely placed before his God of Babylon. And the Kassite dynasty ruled west of Babylon for almost 500 years. The Elamites were defeated by Ashurbanipal (668-627 BC), ruler of Assyria in 640 BC. Take away that inflammation. The royal tombs were dug up. Statues of gods and kings were taken away. After that, the city was settled again. But again in the 6th century BC, the Persians occupied it and made it their headquarters. Alexander the Great captured it again in 331 BC and integrated it into his kingdom.

Suza was finally lost in the vicissitudes of perfection and decay. Which is now seen in the form of mounds in the deserts of Khuzestan. It was excavated by the French engineer Marcel Delofay and his wife in Suza in 1884-86.