Prehistoric Europe
Homo erectus migrated from Africa to Europe before the appearance of modern humans. Homo erectus georgecus. who lived in Georgia about 1.8 million years ago. It is the earliest hominid to be discovered in Europe. Among the oldest Paleolithic sites in Europe is Lasagne La Cabe in France. Others in Spain. These include Monte Poggiolo in Italy and Kozernica in Bulgaria.
Physically modern humans in Europe have been dated as early as 35,000 BC. Which is usually called Cro Magnon. These are the primary locations in Europe. Repro Mochi (Italy), Geisincknisterl (Germany), Asturter (France) and some locally produced transitional cultures (Alsoin in Italy and Greece, Alto Milanese in Germany, Sicilian in Central Europe, and Chatelperonian in the southwest). Early history clearly uses Paleolithic technologies. However, the final advances in these technologies were made by the Oregano culture. This culture originated in the Levant (Red) and Hungary. By 35,000 BC, Oregonian culture and technology had spread to most parts of Europe. It seems that the last Neanderthals were forced to migrate to the southern half of peninsular Iberia during this process.
Around 16,000 BC, Europe emerged as a new culture. Who was called Magdalenian. Which is probably rooted in old gravitation. This culture soon France. Spain. German. Italy. Poland. Portugal and Ukraine eliminated the Soltrian region and the Gratian. In northern Europe, the Hamburg culture prevailed in the 14th and 13th centuries BC. As Chris Willian did in the Isles. The Worm glaciation ended around 12,500 BC. Gradually the temperature and sea level rise. With which the environment of people in the past changed. 10,000 BC when it rapidly changed into two microbiological cultures. Azelian (Fredsimmer) in Spain and southern France and later sovétrine in southern France. Tardnovacians in Central Europe. While in northern Europe, the Langebe complex was succeeded by the influence of the Hambig culture. Evidence of permanent settlement in the Balkans dates back to 8,000 BC.
Indo-European migration began around 4200 BC in eastern and southwestern Europe through the Black Sea and Balkan Peninsula regions. In the first 3000 years, Indo-European languages spread through Europe.
• Ancient Europe
The first known civilization in Europe was the Minoans. Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization. which arose from the Crete peninsula and continued to develop from about the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC. It was discovered in the early 20th century through the work of British archaeologist Arthur Evans. Will Durant called it the first link of European China.
The Mycenaean civilization replaced the Minoans. which flourished between 1600 BC. While the Helladic culture in mainland Greece was changed by the influence of Minoan Crete 1100 BC. The largest cities of the Mycenaeans are Mycenae and Terence in Argolis. Pylos in Messenia. Athens in Attica. Thebes and Arcomenes in Boeotia. And in Thessaly were the Iolocos. In Crete, the Mycenaeans captured Nauvos.
The Dorian invasions destroyed the places of Messene and Tiranth. The collapse of the Mycenaean civilization began slowly during the last years of the 12th century BC. And this civilization ended with the collapse of the Bronze Age civilization on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The Mycenaean settlement of Epirus. Macedonia. An archipelago in the Aegean Sea. Asia Mines Levant. Appeared in Cyprus and Italy. Mycenaean artifacts were found beyond the boundaries of the Mycenaean world.
In stark contrast to the Minoans, whose society benefited from trade, they advanced through Messianic conquest. The Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. Around 1400 BC, the Mycenaeans extended their control to Crete, the center of the Minoan civilization. And Linnaeus adopted a form of manuscript (called Linear A) to write the earliest form of Greek.
• Early Classical Period
An ancient Athenian temple on the Parthenon Acropolis (hilltop city) collapsed in 176 BC. The Greeks and Romans left a legacy in Europe. Which European languages. thought It is evident in the visual arts and law. Ancient Greece was a collection of cities in which the original form of democracy developed. Athens was the most powerful and developed city. And from the time of Pirrox there was a desire to learn. Forums for citizen discussion and state legislative policy. classical philosophy Where Socrates Plato and Aristotle were born. In which the last Alexander the Great was educated.
Alexander the Great of Macedon introduced Hellenistic culture and education to the Sindh River through his military campaigns. After this, the Republic of Rome gained strength through the victory over Carthage in the Punic War. Greek wisdom entered Roman institutions. Because the Athenian senate and the people of Rome were absorbed under the SPQR banner.
• Europe in 301 BC
The Romans extended their domains from Anatolia in the east to Britain in the west. In 44 BC, when it was nearing its peak, the dictator Julius Caesar was assassinated by senators in an attempt to restore democracy. In the ensuing crisis, Octavian (ruling as Augustus and dei philos or son of God as Julius had adopted him as heir) seized power and challenged the Roman Senate. He announced the rebirth of democracy. During this time, the Roman state began to be transferred to the Roman Empire. Which continued for more than 4 centuries until the end of the Western Roman Empire.
• Ancient Rome
Italy was apparently united by expansion, taking advantage of the inability of its enemies to annex the early Roman state. The Romans came up with a challenge and were defeated in the Phoenician colony of Carthage. The Punic War marked the beginning of Roman domination. First under the rule of kings and then as a senatorial republic (Roman Republic), Rome finally became an empire under Augustus and his dictatorial successors at the end of the first century BC. From the time of Augustus until the fall of the Western Empire, Rome dominated western Eurasia. Its majority consisted of the population.
The Roman Empire is widely considered to be the largest and most powerful civilization in ancient Europe. After the Punic War, Rome was one of the largest empires in Europe, but continued to expand with invasions of Greece and Asia Minor. By 27 BC, Rome controlled half of Europe as well as North Africa and East Benin. Rome also had a developed culture.
The Roman Empire was centered in the Mediterranean Sea. It controlled all the countries on its shores. The northern border was marked by the Rhine and Danube rivers. Under the emperor Trajan (2nd century AD), the empire reached its greatest expansion. Which controlled approximately 5,900,000 km. Including Italy. France. Dalmatia Aquitaine Britannia Betika. Spain. Therese. Macedonia. Greece Moses Dacia Pannonia. Egypt. Ishai Kochak. Cappadocia. Armenia. Caucasus. North Africa Eastern Mediterranean and some parts of Mesopotamia were included. peace Civilization and an effective central government led to the end of the Pacus Romana in the 3rd century. When the series of civil wars undermined the economic and social power of Rome. In the 4th century, Diocletian and the king of Constantinople managed to slow down the decline of the empire by dividing it into the western part of Rome and the eastern part of Byzantium, or Constantinople (Istbul). Before the state of Rome turned into an empire, the Romans began to expand. While Diocletian severely persecuted Christianity. In 313, Constantine announced the official end of state-sponsored persecution of Christians through the archbishop of Milan. And in 380, the stage of becoming the state church of the Roman Empire began.
It reached its height under Emperor Trajan with the conquest of Mesopotamia and Armenia. The period of the "Five Good Emperors" saw a succession of peaceful years and the empire prospered. Every emperor of that period was adopted by his predecessor. don't go The Antonine Empire was a dynasty of seven successive Roman emperors. He ruled Rome from 196 to 192. This Emperor Nero. Trajan. Hadrian. Antonius Pius Marcus Aurelius. Lucius Verus and Commodus.
• Soldiers of the Roman army
Also said to be the last two of the five good emperors and Commodus. After Antoninus's accession to the domain, Nero set a new tone. He restored much of the confiscated property and included the Roman Senate in his power. From 101, Trajan invaded Dacia twice and won in 106. In 112, Trajan annexed Armenia to the Roman Empire and then moved south. He captured several cities before declaring Mesopotamia as a new province of the empire. During his rule, the Roman Empire expanded to a large extent. During Hadrian's reign, there was a general lack of military conflict. But Trajan had to defend vast territories. In 117 AD, the Roman Empire was at its peak. Which was almost to the ground level. Ancient Roman culture. law technology language arts religion the army The government Influence on architecture. And the religious civilization continues till today.
• Fall of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was attacked again and again by the invading armies of Northern Europe and in 476 Rome fell. Romulus Augustus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, surrendered to Odocer, the king of Germany.
• Some notable dates
Battle of Adrianople in 378 Death of Theodosius I in 395 In 406 the Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine after the withdrawal of troops to defend Italy. Death of Stilicho in 408. After that, the clash of Western armies. In 565, the last king of the Roman Empire, Justin I, died and after 632, Islam began.
• Classical and migration period
When Emperor Constantine captured Rome under the banner of the cross in 312, Angios Forens later issued the Architect of Milan in 313 (before the Adjutant of Serdica in 311) declaring the legal status of Christianity in the Roman Empire. In addition, Constantine moved the seat of the empire from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium. And named it Novo Roma. Which was later named as Constantine.
In 395, Theodosius I made Christianity the religion of the Roman Empire. He was the last emperor to preside over the United Roman Empire. And the empire was divided into two parts. The Western Roman Empire was centered in Ravenna and the Eastern Empire (later known as the Byzantine Empire) was established in Constantinople. Hi there. german The Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by Slavs and other barbarian tribes. And in 476 the western part fell into the hands of the Herveli chief Odasar. The power of the Roman Empire collapsed. As a result, many areas were attacked by tribals and with the passage of time feudalism and feudalism were born. And the western provinces were soon dominated by three great powers. First Franks (Merovian dynasty) in Francia 481 - 843 AD Most of present-day France and Germany. Visigothic kingdom in other peninsulas of Iberia (modern Spain) 418-711 AD. Third Ostrogothic Kingdom 493 - 553 in Italy and parts of the Western Balkans. The Ostrogothic was later replaced by the kingdom of the Lombards 568-774.
These new powers of the West were based on Roman traditions. As long as they are Roman and crime
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| History of Europe |
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